Introduction


H Periodic Table of the Elements He
Li Be
B C N O F Ne
Na Mg
Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb Sr

Y

Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Fr Ra Ac

Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

Our previous investigations on the Negative Electrode:

BaSO4 (Barium Sulfate)

SrSO4 (Strontium Sulfate)

literature
similarity in crystals lattice parameters
solubility

CaSO4 (Calcium Sulfate)

similarity in crystals lattice parameters
solubility

Bi2(SO4)3 (Bismuth Sulfate)

solubility

Rare Earths Sulfates

All lanthanides Ln are trivalent (3+) and forms sulfates like:

Europium (III) sulfate octahydrate

Dysprosium (III) sulfate octahydrate

Crystalohydrates, where 8 molecules of water are constituents of the crystal.

Exceptions:

Europium (Eu)
 Cerium (Ce)
  • Eu 3+ oxidated => Eu2(SO4)3
  • Eu 2+ reduced => EuSO4
  • Ce 3+ reduced
  • Ce 4+oxidated





1 pm = 1 x 10E-12 meter
100 pm = 1 Angstrom
1000 pm = 1 nm, nanometer










Source:
De W. M. White 'Geochemistry' 1977



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